Advantage India
Robust
Demand
* India has to enhance its infrastructure to reach its 2025 economic growth target of US$ 5 trillion.
* India's population growth and economic development require improved transport infrastructure, including investments in roads, railways, and aviation, shipping and inland waterways.
Attractive
Opportunities
* Development of infrastructure has a multiplier effect on demand and efficiency of transport and increases commercial and entrepreneurship opportunities.
* In June 2022, the Minister of Road Transport and Highways, opened 15 national highway projects worth Rs. 13,585 crores (US$1.7 billion) in Patna and Hajipur, Bihar.
* In October 2021, the Dubai government and India signed a contract in October 2021 to build infrastructure in Jammu and Kashmir, including industrial parks, IT towers, multipurpose towers, logistics centres, medical colleges, and specialized hospitals.
Policy
support
* Budget 2023-24 is complemented with the continuation of the 50-year interest-free loan to state governments for one more year to spur investment in infrastructure and to incentivize them for complementary policy actions, with a significantly enhanced outlay of ₹ 1.3 lakh crore (US$ 16 billion).
* Under the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), projects worth Rs. 108 trillion (US$ 1.3 trillion) are currently at different stages of implementation
* In November 2022, National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF) is set up as a collaborative investment platform between the Government of India, global investors, multilateral development banks (MDB) and domestic financial institutions to facilitate investment across multiple sectors in India through an India Japan Fund.
Increasing
Investments
* Finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman's Budget for 2023-24 underlines sustained focus on the northeast for "inclusive development" as one of the seven priorities, which act as the 'Saptarishi' guiding the government "through the Amrit Kaal“.
* Under Budget 2023-24, capital investment outlay for infrastructure is being increased by 33% to Rs.10 lakh crore (US$ 122 billion), which would be 3.3 per cent of GDP and almost three times the outlay in 2019-20.
* Under Budget 2023-24, Infrastructure Finance Secretariat is being established to enhance opportunities for private investment in infrastructure that will assist all stakeholders for more private investment in infrastructure, including railways, roads, urban infrastructure, and power.
Last updated: Feb, 2024
Introduction
India’s high growth imperative in 2023 and beyond will significantly be driven by major strides in key sectors with infrastructure development being a critical force aiding the progress.
Infrastructure is a key enabler in helping India become a US $26 trillion economy. Investments in building and upgrading physical infrastructure, especially in synergy with the ease of doing business initiatives, remain pivotal to increase efficiency and costs. Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi also recently reiterated that infrastructure is a crucial pillar to ensure good governance across sectors.
The government’s focus on building infrastructure of the future has been evident given the slew of initiatives launched recently. The US$ 1.3 trillion national master plan for infrastructure, Gati Shakti, has been a forerunner to bring about systemic and effective reforms in the sector, and has already shown a significant headway.
Infrastructure support to the nation’s manufacturers also remains one of the top agendas as it will significantly transform goods and exports movement making freight delivery effective and economical.
The "Smart Cities Mission" and "Housing for All" programmes have benefited from these initiatives. Saudi Arabia seeks to spend up to US$ 100 billion in India in energy, petrochemicals, refinery, infrastructure, agriculture, minerals, and mining.
The infrastructure sector is a key driver of the Indian economy. The sector is highly responsible for propelling India’s overall development and enjoys intense focus from the Government for initiating policies that would ensure the time-bound creation of world-class infrastructure in the country. The infrastructure sector includes power, bridges, dams, roads, and urban infrastructure development. In other words, the infrastructure sector acts as a catalyst for India’s economic growth as it drives the growth of the allied sectors like townships, housing, built-up infrastructure, and construction development projects.
To meet India’s aim of reaching a US$ 5 trillion economy by 2025, infrastructure development is the need of the hour. The government has launched the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) combined with other initiatives such as ‘Make in India’ and the production-linked incentives (PLI) scheme to augment the growth of the infrastructure sector. Historically, more than 80% of the country's infrastructure spending has gone toward funding for transportation, electricity, and water, and irrigation.
While these sectors still remain the key focus, the government has also started to focus on other sectors as India's environment and demographics are evolving. There is a compelling need for enhanced and improved delivery across the whole infrastructure spectrum, from housing provision to water and sanitation services to digital and transportation demands, which will assure economic growth, increase quality of life, and boost sectoral competitiveness.
Market Size
In Budget 2023-24, capital investment outlay for infrastructure is being increased by 33% to Rs.10 lakh crore (US$ 122 billion), which would be 3.3 per cent of GDP. As per the Union Budget 2023-24, a capital outlay of Rs. 2.40 lakh crore (US$ 29 billion) has been provided for the Railways, which is the highest ever outlay and about 9 times the outlay made in 2013-14.
Starting with 6,835 projects, the NIP project count now stands at 9,142 covering 34 sub-sectors, as per news reports. Under the initiative, 2476 projects are under the development phase with an estimated investment of US$ 1.9 trillion. Nearly half of the under-development projects are in the transportation sector, and 3,906 are in the roads and bridges sub-sector.
The Indian Railways expects to complete total revenue of Rs. 2,64,500 crore (US$ 31.81 billion) by the end of 2023-24.
India's Logistics Market is estimated to be US$ 435.43 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 50.52 billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of 8.36%.
India intends to raise its ranking in the Logistics Performance Index to 25 and bring down the logistics cost from 14% to 8% of GDP, leading to a reduction of approximately 40%, within the next five years.
In December 2022, AAI and other Airport Developers have targeted capital outlay of approximately Rs. 98,000 crore (US$ 11.8 billion) in airport sector in the next five years for expansion and modification of existing terminals, new terminals and strengthening of runways, among other activities.
India currently has the fifth-largest metro network in the world and will soon overtake advanced economies such as Japan and South Korea to become the third-largest network. Metro rail network reached 810 kms and is operational in 20 cities as of September 2022.
At almost 20 kms, Mumbai monorail is the third largest route in the world after China with 98 kms and Japan with 28 kms.
India plans to spend US$ 1.4 trillion on infrastructure through ‘National Infrastructure Pipeline’ in the next five years. In FY21, infrastructure activities accounted for 13% share of the total FDI inflows of US$ 81.72 billion. India will need to construct 43,000 houses every day until 2022 to achieve the vision of Housing for All by 2022. As of August 22, 2022, 122.69 lakh houses have been sanctioned, 103.01 lakh houses have been grounded, and 62.21 lakh houses have been completed, under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna scheme (PMAY-Urban).
Hundreds of new cities need to be developed over the next decade. Over the next 10 years, demand for urban freight is predicted to increase by 140%. Final-mile freight transit in Indian cities accounts for 50% of the total logistics expenditures in the country's increasing e-commerce supply chains. India is expected to become the third-largest construction market globally by 2022. Indian logistics market is estimated to touch US$ 320 billion by 2025. The overall infrastructure capex is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 11.4% over 2021-26 driven by spending on water supply, transport, and urban infrastructure. Investment in infrastructure contributed around 5% of the GDP in the tenth five-year plan as against 9% in the eleventh five-year plan. Further, US$ 1 trillion investment in infrastructure was proposed by the India’s planning commission during the 12th five-year plan, with 40% of the funds coming from the private sector.
Government Initiatives and Investments
Some of the recent government initiatives and investments in the infrastructure sector are as follows:- Under Budget 2023-24:
- Capital investment outlay for infrastructure is being increased by 33% to Rs.10 lakh crore (US$ 122 billion), which would be 3.3 per cent of GDP and almost three times the outlay in 2019-20.
- In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the pace of construction of national highways, from an average of 12 kilometres per day in 2014-15 to around 29 kilometres per day in 2021-22.
- As per the Union Budget 2023-24, a capital outlay of Rs. 2.40 lakh crore (US$ 29 billion) has been provided for the Railways, which is the highest ever outlay and about 9 times the outlay made in 2013-14.
- Infrastructure Finance Secretariat is being established to enhance opportunities for private investment in infrastructure that will assist all stakeholders for more private investment in infrastructure, including railways, roads, urban infrastructure, and power.
- The Government has decided to continue the 50-year interest free loan to state governments for one more year to spur investment in infrastructure and to incentivize them for complementary policy actions, with a significantly enhanced outlay of Rs. 1.3 lakh crore (US$ 16 billion).
- 100 critical transport infrastructure projects, for last and first mile connectivity for ports, coal, steel, fertilizer, and food grains sectors have been identified and will be taken up on priority with investment of Rs. 75,000 crore (US$ 9 billion), including Rs. 15,000 crore (US$ 1.8 billion) from private sources.
- 50 additional airports, heliports, water aerodromes and advance landing grounds will be revived for improving regional air connectivity.
- An Urban Infrastructure Development Fund (UIDF) will be established through use of priority sector lending shortfall, which will be managed by the National Housing Bank, and will be used by public agencies to create urban infrastructure in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities.
- States will be encouraged to leverage resources from the grants of the 15th Finance Commission, as well as existing schemes, to adopt appropriate user charges while accessing the UIDF.
- For realizing the vision of “Make A-I in India and Make A-I work for India”, three centers of excellence for Artificial Intelligence will be set-up in top educational institutions.
- The Digital Public infrastructure for agriculture will be built as an open source, open standard and inter operable public good that will enable inclusive, farmer-centric solutions through relevant information services for crop planning and health, improved access to farm inputs, credit, and insurance, help for crop estimation, market intelligence, and support for growth of agri-tech industry and start-ups.
- 157 new nursing colleges will be established in co-location with the existing 157 medical colleges established since 2014.
- National Digital Library for Children and Adolescents will be set-up for facilitating availability of quality books across geographies, languages, genres and levels, and device agnostic accessibility. States will be encouraged to set up physical libraries for them at panchayat and ward levels and provide infrastructure for accessing the National Digital Library resources.
- Skill India International Centres to be set up across different States to skill youth for international opportunities.
- Central Processing Centre to be setup for faster response to companies through centralized handling of various forms filed with field offices under the Companies Act.
- District Institutes of Education and Training to be developed as vibrant institutes of excellence for Teacher’s Training.
- States will be encouraged to set up a Unity Mall in their state capital or most prominent tourism centre or the financial capital for promotion and sale of their own ODOPs (one district, one product), GI products and other handicraft products, and for providing space for such products of all other States.
- Since 2016-17, the budget for the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, the flagship housing scheme of the government, has increased 280% from Rs. 20,936 crore (US$ 2.5 billion) in the revised estimates of 2016-17 to Rs. 79,590 crore (US$ 9.6 billion) in the latest 2023-24 budget.
- The Awas Yojana budget estimate for 2023-’24 constitutes an allocation of Rs. 25,103 crore (US$ 3 billion) to Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban and Rs. 54,487 crore (US$ 6.5 billion) to Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin.
Investments
- FDI in construction development (townships, housing, built-up infrastructure and construction development projects) and construction (infrastructure) activity sectors stood at US$ 26.42 billion and US$ 32.08 billion, respectively, between April 2000-September 2023.
- In January 2023, the Construction arm of Larsen & Toubro has secured orders for its power transmission & distribution and buildings & factories businesses to establish a 112.5MW Solar Power Plant in West Bengal and to construct a 600-bed super specialty hospital at Mumbai, respectively.
- Larsen & Toubro (L&T) to form L&T Green Energy Council, a think-tank comprising of eminent thought leaders, in a significant step towards building a global green energy business.
- In August 2023, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) and Greenstat Hydrogen India Pvt. Ltd. (GHIPL) signed an MoU for ‘Potential Collaboration Opportunities in Green Hydrogen and Derivatives in the Hydrogen Value Chain’. This MoU will help in contributing towards the country's 'National Hydrogen Mission' aimed at making India 'AatmaNirbhar' in this area.
- In December 2022, BHEL formed a consortium with Titagarh Wagons and is among five entities which have bid for the mega Rs. 58,000 crore (US$ 7 billion) contract to manufacture 200 Vande Bharat trains and maintaining them for the next 35 years.
- In December 2022, Mr. Nitin Gadkari, Minister of Road Transport and Highways inaugurated and laid foundation stone of 8 National Highway projects of 226 km length worth Rs. 1800 crore (US$ 217.4 million) at Igatpuri, Nashik, Maharashtra.
- In December 2022, Mr. Nitin Gadkari, Minister of Road Transport and Highways inaugurated 7 National Highway projects worth Rs. 2,444 crore (US$ 295 million) with total length of 204 km in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh.
- In November 2022, Prime Ministry of India laid the foundation stone of various road projects worth over Rs. 2200 crore (US$ 2.6 billion), namely Medak-Siddipet-Elkathurthy section of NH-765DG; Bodhan-Basar-Bhainsa section of NH-161BB; Sironcha to Mahadevpur Section of NH-353C in Telangana.
- In November 2022, Mr. Nitin Gadkari, Minister of Road Transport and Highways inaugurated the construction of 3.8 km long 4-lane elevated structure flyover at Ahmednagar, Maharashtra on National Highway-61 at a cost of Rs. 331.17 crore (US$ 40 million).
- In October 2022, Prime Ministry of India laid the foundation of road and ropeway projects worth more than Rs. 3,400 crore (US$ 410 million) in Mana, Uttarakhand.
- In October 2022, National Highways Infra Trust (NHAI InvIT), the infrastructure investment trust sponsored by National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) to support Government of India's National Monetization Pipeline, has raised a sum of Rs. 1,430 crore (US$ 172.6 million) from domestic and international investors through placement of its units, for part funding its acquisition of three additional road projects from NHAI.
- As many as 52 critical infrastructure gap projects identified by MoPSW for connecting maritime ports and IWTs (Inland Waterway Terminals) to be taken up under PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan. Currently, DPR of total 56 projects (including 11 IWT projects) under this category with total of 1,215 km length are under bidding stage for the feasibility assessment of these projects, which is being carried out by NHAI.
- In Union Budget 2022-23:
- Budget 2023-24 highlights:
- For FY24, the budgetary allocation for the Ministry of Development of North-eastern Region stood at Rs. 5892 crore (US$ 711 million).
- Rs. 2,200 crore (US$ 265.5 million) allocated for Prime Ministers Development Initiative for North-East (PMDevINE) Scheme.
- Rs. 2491 crore (US$ 300.6 million) was allocated to Northeast Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS).100 PM-GatiShakti Cargo Terminals for multimodal logistics facilities will be developed over next three years.
- Focus was on the PM GatiShakti - National Master Plan for multimodal connectivity to economic zones. Everything, from roads to trains, from aviation to agriculture, as well as many ministries and departments, will be integrated under the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan.
- In September 2022, the government approved rail-cum-road bridge across Brahmaputra river near the existing Saraighat bridge at Guwahati at the cost of Rs. 996.75 crore (US$ 122.27 million) which will be shared by NHAI & Ministry of Railways.
- The passenger revenue is estimated to be Rs. 70,000 crore (US$ 8.51 billion), an increase of 9% over the previous year.
- In August 2022, Mr. Nitin Gadkari, Minister of Road Transport and Highways laid foundation stone of six NH projects worth Rs. 2,300 crore (US$ 287.89 million) in Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
- In FY23, the combined index of eight core industries stood at 146.5 driven by the production of coal, refinery products, fertilizers, steel, electricity, and cement industries.
- In June 2022 Mr. Nitin Gadkari, Minister of Road Transport and Highways inaugurated 15 National Highway projects in Patna and Hajipur in Bihar worth Rs. 13,585 crore (US$ 1.75 billion)
- In March 2022, Mr. Nitin Gadkari, Minister of Road Transport and Highway inaugurated 19 National Highway projects in Haryana and Rajasthan totaling Rs. 1,407 crore (US$ 183.9 million).
- The government expanded the ‘National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP)’ to 9,335 projects. 217 projects worth Rs. 1.10 lakh crore (US$ 15.09 billion) were completed as of 2020.
- In November 2021, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved a US$ 250-million loan to support development of the National Industrial Corridor Development Programme (NICDP). This is a part of the US$ 500-million loan to build 11 industrial corridors bridging 17 states.
- In November 2021, India, the US, Israel and the UAE established a new quadrilateral economic forum to focus on infrastructure development projects in the region and strengthen bilateral co-operation.
- The initiative ‘Infrastructure for Resilient Island States’ (launched in November 2021) will give India a huge opportunity to contribute to the betterment of other vulnerable countries in the world.
- In October 2021, the Union Cabinet of India approved the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan—including implementation, monitoring and support mechanism—for providing multi-modal connectivity.
- In October 2021, the Dubai government and India, inked an agreement to develop infrastructure such as industrial parks, IT towers, multipurpose towers, logistics centres, a medical college, and a specialised hospital in Jammu & Kashmir.
- In FY22, government initiatives such the National Infrastructure Pipeline, National Monetisation Pipeline, Bharatmala Pariyojana, changes in the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) and fast pace of asset monetization to boost road construction.
- To encourage rooftop solar (RTS) throughout the country, notably in rural regions, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is undertaking Rooftop Solar Programme Phase II, which aims to install RTS capacity of 4,000 MW in the residential sector by 2022 with a provision of subsidy.
- In May 2021, Minister for Road Transport & Highways and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Mr. Nitin Gadkari stated that the government is giving utmost priority to infrastructure development and has set a target of road construction of worth Rs.15 lakh crore (US$ 206 billion) in the next two years.
- The Ministry of Railways plans to monetise assets including Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors after commissioning, induction of 150 modern rakes through PPP, station redevelopment through PPP, railway land parcels, multifunctional complexes (MFC), railway colonies, hill railways and stadiums.
- Mega Investment Textiles Parks (MITRA) scheme was launched to establish world-class infrastructure in the textile sector and establish seven textile parks over three years.
- The government announced Rs. 305,984 crore (US$ 42 billion) over the next five years for a revamped, reforms-based, and result-linked new power distribution sector scheme.
Road Ahead
India must enhance its infrastructure to reach its 2025 economic growth target of US$ 5 trillion. India's population growth and economic development requires improved transport infrastructure, including through investments in roads, railways, and aviation, shipping and inland waterways.
The government has also suggested an investment of $750 billion to strengthen railway infrastructure and envisioned the Maritime India Vision 2030 which estimates massive investments in world-class infrastructure development at Indian ports.
Global investment and partnerships in infrastructure, such as the India-Japan forum for development in the Northeast are also indicative of more investments. These initiatives come at a momentous juncture as the country aims for self-reliance in future-ready and sustainable critical infrastructure.
India, it is estimated, needs to invest $840 billion over the next 15 years into urban infrastructure to meet the needs of its fast-growing population. This investment will only be rational as well as sustainable, if we additionally focus on long-term maintenance and strength of our buildings, bridges, ports and airports.
As a result of digitalisation and opportunities that tier II and III cities present for economic growth, the divide between metro and non-metros is blurring, moving to the new era of infrastructure growth. Commercial real estate properties have witnessed exponential growth in demand across Tier II & III cities as Information technology and Information technology enabled services and banking financial services and insurance focused organizations are increasingly decentralizing their operations to adapt to the new normal.
The residential sector has witnessed good sales, and launches have also shown signs of an uptick during 2022, total sales in the top-7 cities was projected to exceed 360,000 units in 2022.
Civil Aviation Ministry’s “Vision 2040” report states that there will be 190-200 functioning airports in India by 2040. Delhi and Mumbai will have three international airports each, while top 31 Indian cities will have two operational airports each.
220 destinations (airports/heliports/water aerodromes) under UDAN are targeted to be completed by 2026 with 1000 routes to provide air connectivity to unconnected destinations in India.
102 critical projects under the Gati Shakti masterplan worth $7.67 billion are to be completed by 2024, making 2023 a critical year for effective execution and celerity of completion.
India's Infrastructure forms an integral part of the country's economic ecosystem. There has been a significant shift in the industry that is leading to the development of world-class facilities across the country in the areas of roads, waterways, railways, airports, and ports, among others. The country-wide smart cities programmes have proven to be industry game-changers. Given its critical role in the growth of the nation, the infrastructure sector has experienced a tremendous boom because of India's necessity and desire for rapid development. The expansion has been aided by urbanisation and an increase in foreign investment in the sector.
The infrastructure sector has become the biggest focus area for the Government of India. India plans to spend US$ 1.4 trillion on infrastructure during 2019-23 to have a sustainable development of the country. The Government has suggested investment of Rs. 5,000,000 crore (US$ 750 billion) for railways infrastructure from 2018-30. India's GDP is expected to grow by 8% over the next three fiscal years, one of the quickest rates among major, developing economies, according to S&P Global Ratings. India and Japan have joined hands for infrastructure development in India's Northeast states and are also setting up an India-Japan Coordination Forum for development of Northeast to undertake strategic infrastructure projects for the region.
India being a developing nation is set to take full advantage of the opportunity for the expansion of the infrastructure sector, and it is reasonable to conclude that India's infrastructure has a bright future ahead of it.
Note: Conversion rate used for November 2023 is Rs. 1 = US$ 0.012
References: Media Reports, Press releases, National Infrastructure Pipeline, Union Budget 2023-24, Ministry of Commerce and Industry
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